Roman Soldier Mass Grave Discovered in Ancient Well

Analysis of seven skeletons discovered in a mass grave in Croatia has provided new scientific insights into the health, diet, and physical condition of Roman soldiers from the third century. The remains, which were found in what appeared to be an ancient water well, were analyzed by researchers from several European archaeological institutions to determine the circumstances of the men’s lives and deaths.

The skeletons were uncovered during 2011 excavations at the site of the Roman city of Mursa, located in modern-day Osijek in eastern Croatia. The individuals were found completely preserved, though they had been haphazardly tossed into the well, with some positioned head down, suggesting the site served as an unprepared mass grave following a violent conflict.

Physical Profiles and Health Findings

The researchers identified the remains as belonging to men of varying ages. Four of the individuals were between 18 and 35 years old, while the remaining three were between 36 and 50 years old. The study described the men as robust individuals who were taller than average in height.

Medical analysis of the remains revealed significant health challenges facing the soldiers. All seven men were suffering from a pulmonary [affecting the lungs] disease during the final days of their lives. This finding provides a glimpse into the respiratory health of military personnel during the era.

Beyond chronic illness, the skeletons showed evidence of severe physical trauma. The researchers documented various healed and un-healed injuries, including those resulting from blunt force trauma. Specifically, two of the torsos exhibited puncture wounds, which scientists believe were likely caused by spear tips or arrows.

Dietary and Genetic Analysis

The study utilized dietary analysis to reconstruct the nutritional habits of the soldiers. The findings indicate that their diets were primarily vegetarian. However, the analysis also showed that some of the men had consumed small amounts of seafood and meat.

DNA analysis provided further data regarding the origins of the soldiers. The results revealed a mix of ancestry among the seven men. Notably, the genetic evidence indicated that none of the individuals appeared to be from the local area, reflecting the mobile nature of the Roman military.

Historical and Scientific Context

The researchers believe these men were victims of the Crisis of the Third Century, specifically the battle of Mursa in 260 CE. This period was characterized by extreme violence and numerous battles fought between various claimants to the Roman throne. In the specific case of the battle of Mursa, Emperor Gallienus defeated the usurper Ingenus.

The discovery of these remains in a well, rather than a formal cemetery, highlights the brutality of the conflict and the hurried nature of the disposal of the dead. The site of Mursa was a significant center for trade and craft after being conquered by Romans in the first century BC, but it also became the site of two bloody civil wars during the third and fourth centuries.

By combining osteological evidence of trauma and disease with DNA and dietary data, the study offers a comprehensive look at the physiological stress and environmental conditions experienced by Roman soldiers during one of the empire’s most troubled eras.