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MPox Vaccine effectiveness Wanes Over Time, But Remains Protective
The JYNNEOS vaccine,the primary tool used to combat the 2022-2023 mpox outbreak,provides significant initial protection against the virus. However, new research reveals that its effectiveness diminishes over time, tho it continues to offer substantial protection against severe illness, hospitalization, and death. This analysis,published on October 16,2025,in the New England Journal of Medicine,underscores the importance of ongoing monitoring and potential booster strategies.
The 2022-2023 Mpox Outbreak: A Recap
In the summer of 2022,mpox,a viral disease previously confined largely to Central and West africa,began spreading globally,primarily among men who have sex with men (MSM).The outbreak prompted the World Health Organization to declare a public health emergency of international concern. The United States quickly responded by deploying the JYNNEOS vaccine, a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-based vaccine approved for both mpox and smallpox.
Initial vaccine rollout faced challenges, including limited supply and logistical hurdles. Though, as production ramped up, vaccination efforts intensified, targeting high-risk populations. The study published in the New England Journal of Medicine provides critical data on how well this vaccination campaign performed over the long term.
study Details: Tracking Vaccine Effectiveness
Researchers analyzed data from a cohort of over 2,000 MSM in the United States who received at least one dose of the JYNNEOS vaccine between July 2022 and September 2023. Participants were followed for several months after vaccination to assess their risk of mpox infection. The study meticulously tracked confirmed mpox cases, accounting for factors like time since vaccination, age, and underlying health conditions.
The study employed a case-control design, comparing the vaccination status of individuals who contracted mpox (cases) with those who did not (controls). This allowed researchers to calculate vaccine effectiveness (VE) – the percentage reduction in the risk of infection among vaccinated individuals compared to unvaccinated individuals.
| Time As Vaccination | Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) |
|---|---|
| 0-6 months | 89% |
| 6-12 months | 78% |
| 12-18 months | 65% |
| >18 months | 54% |
As the table demonstrates, vaccine effectiveness was highest in the first six months after vaccination (89%).However, it gradually declined over time, falling to 65% after 12-18 months and 54% after more than 18 months. Importantly, even with waning effectiveness, the vaccine continued to provide substantial protection.