Bird Flu in Europe: Experts Reassure Moroccans

European health officials are anticipating further outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), commonly known as bird flu, among wild birds and poultry farms throughout the continent until the end of winter. While the virus continues to spread within animal populations, the risk to the general public remains low, according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).

Between September 6 and November 28, 2025, a total of 442 outbreaks were reported in domestic birds and 2,454 outbreaks in wild birds across 29 European countries, as detailed in a recent quarterly report by EFSA, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), and the EU reference laboratory (EURL).

Wild Bird Populations Particularly Affected

The number of wild birds affected by HPAI has reached its highest level for this period since 2016. Waterfowl, including ducks, geese, and swans, have been particularly impacted, along with significant mortality events observed in common cranes. The outbreaks are almost exclusively linked to a newly introduced variant of an HPAI A(H5N1) genotype that has previously circulated in the region.

Scientists believe the sharp rise in cases may be attributed to a lack of pre-existing immunity in wild bird populations or increased transmissibility of the circulating variant. They anticipate sustained high levels of virus circulation in wild birds in the coming weeks, with a likely decline towards the end of winter.

Poultry Farms Face Challenges

Widespread outbreaks on poultry farms across Europe have primarily resulted from introductions by wild birds, often through indirect contact. Turkeys have been particularly affected, and there has been an increase in detections among vaccinated ducks.

The H5N1 virus is a type of highly pathogenic influenza A virus known for its high mortality rate among birds. Wild species, especially those in aquatic environments, serve as the virus’ natural reservoir. The virus was first detected in domestic geese in China in 1997 and has since spread widely across several continents via migratory birds, diversifying into different genetic groups.

Global Concerns and Past Outbreaks

Concerns about avian influenza are not limited to Europe. In December 2025, Moroccan health experts issued warnings about a new, highly transmissible influenza strain, and researchers in France raised concerns about the H5 bird flu affecting wild birds, poultry, and some mammals. A similar situation unfolded in 2022, when Europe began considering bird flu vaccines after decades of emerging strains in Asia, with the current H5N1 strain arriving in Europe in 2021.

The United Kingdom and Russia are also monitoring avian influenza outbreaks, with preliminary and updated assessments available from the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and the Animal and Plant Health Agency. Updated risk assessments were published on March 12, 2026, focusing on the likelihood of spread associated with bird fairs, shows, and markets.

The current situation highlights the ongoing challenge of managing avian influenza and the need for continued vigilance in both wild bird and poultry populations. While the risk to the general public remains low, ongoing monitoring and preventative measures are crucial to minimizing the impact of this highly contagious virus.