Cancer & Exercise: Benefits, Guidance & Latest Research

For individuals facing a cancer diagnosis, the focus often centers on traditional treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. However, a growing body of evidence underscores the significant benefits of incorporating exercise into a cancer care plan. Recent research consistently demonstrates that physical activity can not only improve quality of life for cancer patients but may also extend survival and reduce the risk of recurrence.

Exercise and Cancer Survival: A Growing Body of Evidence

Scientists have long recognized the preventative benefits of an active lifestyle in reducing cancer risk. More recently, studies are revealing the profound impact exercise can have after a diagnosis. A landmark clinical trial, the CHALLENGE trial, led by the Canadian Cancer Trials Group, enrolled 889 colon cancer patients across 55 treatment centers. After nearly eight years of follow-up, patients in the exercise group experienced a 37% reduction in mortality compared to those who received only health education materials. Overall survival rates were 90.3% in the exercise group versus 83.2% in the control group.

Dr. Melinda Irwin, PhD, MPH, associate dean of research and the Susan Dwight Bliss Professor of Epidemiology at the Yale School of Public Health, and deputy director of the Yale Cancer Center, highlighted the importance of these findings. The CHALLENGE trial provides the strongest clinical evidence to date that regular physical activity can help keep cancer at bay and prolong life.

Beyond colon cancer, research suggests benefits across a range of cancer types. A review of over 3,000 papers indicates exercise can improve anxiety, depression, fatigue, and physical functioning in cancer patients. Studies also point to a potential for physical activity to lower the recurrence of cancers and improve overall quality of life, as outlined in the AACR Cancer Progress Report 2024.

What Kind of Exercise is Beneficial?

The type and intensity of exercise that is most beneficial can vary, but research suggests a range of activities can be effective. A study from the National Cancer Center of the Republic of Korea defined sufficient physical activity as either vigorous activity (running, aerobics, climbing) for 75 to 150 minutes per week, or light/moderate activity (walking, doubles tennis, bike riding) for 150 to 300 minutes per week. Even activities like doubles tennis can contribute to improved outcomes.

Emerging research also suggests that exercise can alter gene expression in ways that are beneficial in fighting cancer. One study found that a single workout alters over 1,300 genes linked to cancer.

When Should Cancer Patients Start Exercising?

The question of when to begin exercising following a cancer diagnosis is crucial. The evidence suggests that starting as soon as possible, and maintaining activity throughout treatment, is ideal. Researchers at the National Cancer Center of the Republic of Korea conducted a population-based retrospective study evaluating the impact of physical activity immediately after cancer diagnosis. This supports the idea that early intervention with exercise can be particularly impactful.

Exercise and Cardiotoxicity

Cancer treatments, particularly certain chemotherapies, can have cardiotoxic effects – meaning they can damage the heart. Exercise interventions may play a role in the primary prevention of cardiotoxicity in cancer patients. Research indicates that exercise can positively impact cardiovascular health, potentially mitigating some of the negative effects of cancer treatment on the heart.

Guidance for Older Cancer Survivors

Recognizing the unique needs of older adults with cancer, expert panels have released evidence-based exercise guidance tailored to this population. These guidelines emphasize the importance of considering individual fitness levels and adapting exercise programs accordingly. Motivational aspects related to physical activity are also considered important, highlighting the need for support and encouragement to help older cancer survivors adhere to exercise regimens.

The Emerging Standard of Care

Exercise oncology is increasingly recognized as an emerging standard of care in cancer treatment. Jad M. Abdelsattar notes the growing acceptance of exercise as a vital component of comprehensive cancer care. The benefits extend beyond physical health, encompassing mental and emotional well-being, and contributing to a better overall quality of life for those navigating a cancer journey.

While more research is needed to refine exercise prescriptions for specific cancer types and treatment protocols, the current evidence strongly supports the integration of physical activity into cancer care. It’s important for patients to discuss exercise plans with their healthcare team to ensure safety and effectiveness.