Comoros Mpox Outbreak: 7 Cases, Risk of Cross-Border Spread – January 2026

An outbreak of mpox has been declared in the Union of the Comoros, with seven confirmed cases reported as of January 28, 2026. The outbreak, first identified on January 23, 2026, is raising concerns about potential cross-border transmission given ongoing cases in neighboring Madagascar and Mayotte.

Current Situation and Case Details

All confirmed cases to date have occurred in males aged between 16 and 39 years. Importantly, no deaths have been reported, and four patients have already recovered. Currently, three individuals are receiving clinical care in designated treatment facilities. The outbreak is currently affecting two of the Comoros’ three islands: Ngazidja (Grande Comore) and Ndzuwani (Anjouan). As of this report, no cases have been detected on Mwali (Mohéli).

Investigations reveal that five of the seven confirmed cases are considered imported, linked to recent travel from Madagascar. However, two cases represent local transmission, indicating the disease is now actively spreading within the Comoros. This transition from imported cases to local transmission underscores the evolving nature of the outbreak and the need for continued vigilance.

Public Health Response

The Ministry of Health of the Union of the Comoros has activated a national response plan to contain the outbreak. Key components of this response include enhanced surveillance at points of entry, rigorous contact tracing efforts, and the establishment of local polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic capacity. As of January 28, 2026, screening activities at points of entry have reached 2,884 passengers.

A total of 61 contacts are currently under follow-up, a critical step in identifying and mitigating further spread. These efforts are being supported by UNICEF, which is focusing on risk communication and community engagement, community-based surveillance, and strengthening infection prevention and control measures across healthcare facilities.

Mpox Clade and Transmission Risk

The outbreak is attributed to the mpox clade Ib, a variant associated with increased transmission risks. This finding highlights the importance of sustained surveillance, robust infection prevention and control protocols, and proactive community engagement to limit the outbreak’s impact.

Cross-Border Transmission Concerns

The risk of cross-border transmission remains high, primarily due to population movements between the Comoros, Madagascar, and Mayotte. The presence of mpox cases in these neighboring regions creates a pathway for continued introduction and spread of the virus. This interconnectedness necessitates a coordinated regional approach to outbreak control.

UNICEF Support

UNICEF is actively supporting the government-led response in the Comoros. Their efforts are centered on three key areas: risk communication and community engagement, community-based surveillance, and strengthening infection prevention and control within healthcare facilities. Effective risk communication is crucial for informing the public about mpox, its transmission, and preventative measures. Community-based surveillance aims to detect cases early and facilitate rapid response. Strengthening infection prevention and control in healthcare settings is essential to protect healthcare workers and prevent further transmission.

Looking Ahead

The situation in the Comoros remains dynamic. Continued monitoring of cases, robust contact tracing, and effective risk communication will be crucial in controlling the outbreak. The identification of the mpox clade Ib underscores the need for sustained vigilance and a comprehensive public health response. Given the ongoing transmission in neighboring countries, regional collaboration will be essential to mitigate the risk of further spread.

As of today, February 4, 2026, the situation is still developing, and further updates will be necessary to assess the long-term impact of this outbreak.