Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral infection prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, poses particular risks to pregnant women and their developing babies. While data remain limited, growing evidence suggests that dengue infection during pregnancy can lead to serious complications for both mother and child, including potential vertical transmission of the virus.
Understanding Dengue in Pregnancy
Approximately half of the world’s population is at risk of contracting dengue fever, according to medical literature. Pregnant women, however, may be more susceptible to developing severe dengue compared to non-pregnant individuals. Symptoms can include high fever, severe headache, muscle and joint pain, and a characteristic skin rash. The potential for the virus to pass from mother to fetus – known as vertical transmission – is a significant concern, particularly when the mother experiences symptoms late in pregnancy or around the time of delivery.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that while most babies born to mothers with dengue appear asymptomatic, newborns can develop symptoms within 14 days of birth, commonly within the first week. When symptoms do occur in infants, they can range from mild, common dengue symptoms to severe manifestations including shock and hemorrhagic fever.
Risks to the Mother
Dengue fever during pregnancy can lead to a range of maternal complications. A narrative review of maternal and perinatal outcomes highlights the potential for severe dengue, preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, anemia, maternal death, hemolysis, and organ dysfunction. These complications underscore the importance of prompt diagnosis and careful management of dengue infection in pregnant women.
According to a case report published in January 2025, pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to the complications of dengue. The severity of the illness can be heightened during pregnancy, requiring vigilant monitoring and supportive care.
Risks to the Newborn
The potential for vertical transmission of the dengue virus to the fetus is a key area of concern. Although the risk is considered low, transmission can occur, potentially leading to adverse outcomes. These outcomes can include fetal death, low birth weight, and premature birth. The trimester during which the infection occurs may also influence the risk of transmission, though more research is needed to fully understand this relationship.
The CDC emphasizes that data on the long-term health outcomes of babies born to mothers with dengue are limited. However, the possibility of transmission and the potential for severe illness in newborns necessitate careful monitoring of infants born to mothers with confirmed or suspected dengue infection.
Diagnosis and Management
Early diagnosis and supportive care are crucial in managing dengue fever during pregnancy. Treatment primarily focuses on alleviating symptoms, such as fever and pain, and preventing dehydration. There is currently no specific antiviral treatment for dengue fever. Management strategies also include close monitoring for complications, both in the mother and the newborn.
The Directorate of Women’s Health in Trinidad and Tobago highlights the importance of supportive care in managing dengue fever during pregnancy. This includes maintaining adequate hydration, monitoring vital signs, and addressing any complications that may arise.
Prevention and Global Spread
Preventing mosquito bites remains the most effective way to reduce the risk of dengue infection. This includes using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating mosquito breeding sites. The spread of Aedes mosquitoes, which transmit dengue, is being influenced by global travel and climate change, leading to the introduction of the virus into previously dengue-naïve countries.
While vaccination efforts are underway, the availability and recommendations for dengue vaccines, particularly during pregnancy, are evolving. Pregnant women considering travel to areas with dengue transmission should consult with their healthcare provider to discuss preventive measures and potential risks.
Looking Ahead
Further research is needed to better understand the full spectrum of dengue’s impact on pregnancy and neonatal health. Continued surveillance, improved diagnostic tools, and the development of effective vaccines are essential to mitigating the risks associated with dengue infection during pregnancy. The limited data currently available underscore the need for increased awareness among healthcare providers and pregnant women about the potential dangers of dengue and the importance of preventive measures.
, the CDC updated its information on dengue during pregnancy, acknowledging the gaps in knowledge regarding health outcomes and the effects of maternal infection on fetal development.
