Norovirus gastroenteritis is an acute intestinal problem that causes watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea.
The virus that causes it is highly contagious and easily transmitted from person too person, especially in close communities such as nurseries and schools. The most serious risk is dehydration, to wich very young children are particularly exposed.
The case that received the most attention was the Norovirus epidemic on a cruise ship, which involved nearly 100 people in early January 2026.
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In the cold months, all types of viruses circulate more easily due to poor ventilation of environments and the fact that people are in closer contact.
Norovirus or Norwalk virus, from the location where they were first studied, belong to the Caliciviridae family. They are highly contagious: in fact, just a few viral particles are enough to cause an infection.
Currently, three types of Norovirus are known to infect humans and are the most common cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis.
All these strains can survive in extreme environmental conditions, and also at very low and very high temperatures.This makes them particularly difficult to eliminate and also favors contagion.
“Norovirus is particularly contagious and can cause very intense symptoms,such as vomiting and profuse diarrhea,but it is usually no more hazardous than other intestinal infections” confirms Professor Fabrizio Pregliasco,virologist at the University of Milan. “However, in young children, the elderly and people with a fragile immune system, the risk of dehydration may be greater, requiring particular attention.”
Come si trasmette
Contagion with Norovirus occurs in three ways:
- directly from the source contaminated by the virus
- from person to person
- by touching objects where viral particles are present.
1) Contagion from the source
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Dehydration and Dietary Management During Vomiting and Diarrhea
Vomiting and diarrhea lead to notable fluid loss, requiring careful rehydration and a temporary shift to a light diet to aid recovery.
Fluid Replacement
Individuals experiencing vomiting and diarrhea lose substantial amounts of liquid, increasing the risk of dehydration. Replacing these fluids is crucial for maintaining bodily functions. Offering fluids cold and in small sips-using a teaspoon, such as-can help minimize the chance of triggering further vomiting.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends oral rehydration solutions (ORS) to replenish lost electrolytes, particularly in cases of severe diarrhea. ORS contain a balanced mix of salts and sugar that facilitate fluid absorption.
Initial Dietary Recommendations
For the first few days, a light diet is advisable, excluding animal proteins. This allows the digestive system to rest and recover. Focus should be on easily digestible foods that won’t further irritate the stomach or intestines.
According to the Mayo Clinic, the BRAT diet (Bananas, Rice, Applesauce, Toast) is often recommended as a starting point. These foods are bland,low in fiber,and easy to digest. Though, it’s significant to gradually reintroduce other foods as tolerance improves.
Foods to Avoid
Certain foods can exacerbate symptoms and should be avoided during the initial recovery phase. These include:
- Dairy products: Lactose intolerance can be temporary after a gastrointestinal illness.
- Fatty or fried foods: These are difficult to digest and can worsen nausea.
- Spicy foods: Irritate the digestive tract.
- Sugary drinks: Can draw water into the intestines,worsening diarrhea.
- Caffeine and alcohol: Can contribute to dehydration.
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) emphasizes the importance of avoiding foods that trigger individual sensitivities, as these can prolong recovery.
when to Seek Medical Attention
While most cases of vomiting and diarrhea resolve on their own, certain symptoms warrant medical attention. These include:
- Severe dehydration (decreased urination, dizziness, extreme thirst)
- Bloody stool or vomit
- High fever (over 101°F or 38.3°C)
- Severe abdominal pain
- Inability to keep down fluids
The National Library of Medicine’s MedlinePlus provides detailed information on recognizing the signs of dehydration and when to seek professional medical help.Prompt medical intervention can prevent complications and ensure a full recovery.
