Gum Health: The Link Between Inflammation, Heart Risk, and Treatment

Research and scientific statements from major health organizations indicate a significant association between periodontal disease and an increased risk of cardiovascular events. A scientific statement published by the American Heart Association on December 16, 2025, highlights that poor oral health may contribute to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).

ASCVD is the leading cause of death globally and is characterized by the buildup of arterial plaque, which consists of fatty deposits in the arteries. This condition encompasses several serious health issues, including coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease and aortic aneurysms.

The Link Between Gum Health and the Heart

Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects more than 40% of adults in the United States over the age of 30. Medical evidence suggests that this condition is linked to a higher risk of major cardiovascular events, such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, heart attack, and stroke.

According to Andrew H. Tran, M.D., M.P.H., M.S., FAHA, a pediatric cardiologist and director of the preventive cardiology program at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, the connection exists because gum disease and poor oral hygiene can allow bacteria to enter the bloodstream.

Gum disease and poor oral hygiene can allow bacteria to enter the bloodstream, causing inflammation that may damage blood vessels and increase the risk of heart disease. Brushing, flossing and regular dental checkups aren’t just about a healthy smile—they’re an important part of protecting your heart.

Andrew H. Tran, M.D., M.P.H., M.S., FAHA

Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Damage

Several theories explain why oral health affects the cardiovascular system. One theory proposes that bacteria infecting the gums—causing gingivitis and periodontitis—travel through the bloodstream to other vessels in the body. This process can trigger blood vessel inflammation and damage, potentially leading to tiny blood clots, heart attacks, and strokes.

This theory is supported by the discovery of remnants of oral bacteria within atherosclerotic blood vessels located far from the mouth.

Another perspective suggests that the bacteria themselves may not be the primary cause of the damage. Instead, the body’s immune response to the infection—specifically chronic inflammation—may set off a cascade of vascular damage throughout the heart and brain.

Some researchers also consider the possibility that there is no direct causal link between the two. In this scenario, a third factor, such as smoking, may serve as a common risk factor that independently increases the likelihood of developing both gum disease and cardiovascular disease.

Prevention and Treatment

The American Heart Association states that the effective prevention and treatment of periodontal disease could potentially decrease the overall burden of cardiovascular disease. Maintaining oral hygiene through regular dental checkups, brushing, and flossing is presented as a critical component of heart protection.

However, the relationship between bacteria and heart risk remains complex. Evidence indicates that antibiotic treatment has not proven effective at reducing cardiovascular risk, suggesting that the inflammatory response may be more central to the pathology than the presence of bacteria alone.

• Periodontal disease is associated with increased risks of heart attack and stroke.
• The condition is linked to the buildup of arterial plaque (ASCVD).
• Inflammation triggered by oral bacteria may damage blood vessels throughout the body.
• Regular dental care is identified as a method to potentially reduce cardiovascular risk.