Human Papillomavirus in Chinese Women: A 2.7M Case Analysis
- A detailed examination of cervical screening results reveals important insights into HPV prevalence and demographic trends across China.
- The study population included women who underwent routine cervical examinations at 2127 medical institutions nationwide.
- Further analysis highlighted the study populationS characteristics.
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Comprehensive Analysis of Cervical Screening and HPV Genotyping in China
Table of Contents
- Comprehensive Analysis of Cervical Screening and HPV Genotyping in China
- Comprehensive Guide to Cervical Screening and HPV Genotyping in China
- Table of Contents
- Q&A on Cervical Screening and HPV Genotyping in China
- 1. What is the purpose of cervical screening?
- 2. Who was included in the study population for this analysis?
- 3. What were the exclusion criteria for the study?
- 4. What age group showed the highest participation in cervical screening?
- 5. When did cervical screening numbers peak in China between 2016 and 2023?
- 6. which regions in China had higher cervical screening numbers?
- 7.How many HPV types were detected in the HPV genotyping process?
- 8. What are examples of high-risk HPV types?
- 9. What are examples of low-risk HPV types?
- 10. Why does the prevalence of HPV types vary by region?
- 11. How are cervical cell samples collected for HPV testing?
- 12. How should samples be stored and transported for HPV testing?
- 13. What patient preparation steps are necessary before HPV testing?
- 14. What quality control measures are in place for HPV testing?
A detailed examination of cervical screening results reveals important insights into HPV prevalence and demographic trends across China. This analysis, conducted in 2025, encompasses data collected from January 2017 to June 2023, providing a robust overview of cervical health.
Study Population: A Nationwide Viewpoint on Cervical Health
The study population included women who underwent routine cervical examinations at 2127 medical institutions nationwide. Initially, 2,923,683 cases were collected. Key inclusion criteria were: women aged 18 to 80, clear location details (province), definitive positive or negative test results, and female gender. Exclusion criteria encompassed pregnancy, total hysterectomy, systemic infection or autoimmune disease, uterine surgery within 3 days, other cancers, and duplicate cases. Ethical approval was secured from the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College (Approval B-2024-113).
Further analysis highlighted the study populationS characteristics. The subjects ranged from 18 to 80 years old. A significant concentration was observed among women aged 25 to 50, wiht the 31 to 35 age group being the largest, exceeding 120,000 individuals. This may correlate with a heightened motivation for cervical screening in this age bracket. Screening numbers fluctuated between 2016 and 2023, peaking in 2021 with over 680,000 screenings, with slightly lower figures in 2020 and 2022.
The monthly distribution of screenings showed a gradual increase from january, peaking in May–June, followed by a decrease in November–December. Geographically, screening numbers were higher in eastern and central regions (e.g., Henan and Jiangsu provinces) and lower in western and remote regions. This disparity might potentially be linked to regional economic development,medical resource distribution,and health screening coverage.
HPV Genotyping: Identifying High-Risk and Low-Risk Types
HPV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) typing was performed using HPV genotype testing kits (Kai Pu Biotechnology, China), based on HPV L1 consensus polymerase chain reaction primers and flow hybridization technology for DNA amplification. A total of 38 different HPV types were detected, including 14 high-risk types (types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68) and 23 low-risk types (types 6, 11, 26, 34, 40, 42, 43, 44, 53, 54, 55, 57, 61, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84), as suggested by the WHO and the National Health Commission of China.
The number of cases tested for different HPV types varied due to regional testing practices. Not all cases were uniformly tested for all 37 HPV types. In some regions, the number of cases for each type varied due to local clinical and epidemiological conditions. The distribution of HPV types is crucial for understanding regional health patterns.
| HPV Type | Prevalence |
|---|---|
| High-Risk Types (e.g., 16, 18) | Data Varies by Region |
| Low-Risk Types (e.g., 6, 11) | Data Varies by Region |
Sample Collection and Readiness: Ensuring Accurate HPV Testing
Cervical cast-off cells were collected by healthcare providers following a standardized procedure. A vaginal dilator was used to expose the cervix, mucus was wiped off with a cotton swab at the cervical opening. The cervical brush was inserted into the cervical opening,turned 3 to 5 times clockwise,then slowly removed and placed into a sample tube containing cell preservation solution. The excess brush handle was broken off, leaving the brush head in the sample tube, which was covered with a lid. The tube was labeled with a number and date. DNA was extracted promptly or stored at 4 °C for 48 h.
for sample storage and transportation, if the sample could not be sent for testing immediately, it was stored at 4 °C, and testing was conducted within 2 weeks. Specimens were transported using low-temperature storage. The DNA extraction process followed the manufacturer’s guidelines provided by the HPV genotype testing kit (Kai pu Biotechnology, China).
Patient Preparation Instructions
- Avoid using vaginal medications or douching within 3 days prior to testing.
- Avoid sexual intercourse within 48 h before sampling.
- Ensure that sampling is conducted outside of the menstrual period.
- Do not apply acetic acid or iodine solution to the vaginal area before sampling.
Quality Control: Maintaining Reliability in HPV Testing
Stringent quality control measures were implemented to ensure the reliability of HPV testing. The blank control should display “Undet” for Ct values in all fluorescence detection channels. The positive control should have a Ct value ≤ 36 in the corresponding fluorescence detection channel. If thes conditions were met, the experiment was considered valid.
Regarding result interpretation: If the Ct value of globin in the Cy5 fluorescence detection channel was ≤ 40 and the Ct values in all other fluorescence detection channels were “Undet,” the result was considered negative. If the Ct value of the sample in fluorescence detection channels other than globin was 40 < Ct <
Comprehensive Guide to Cervical Screening and HPV Genotyping in China
this article provides a detailed overview of cervical screening practices and HPV genotyping in China, based on a comprehensive analysis conducted in 2025. It covers various aspects, including the study population, HPV types detected, sample collection procedures, and quality control measures.
Table of Contents
- What is the purpose of cervical screening?
- Who was included in the study population for this analysis?
- What were the exclusion criteria for the study?
- what age group showed the highest participation in cervical screening?
- When did cervical screening numbers peak in China between 2016 and 2023?
- which regions in china had higher cervical screening numbers?
- How many HPV types were detected in the HPV genotyping process?
- What are examples of high-risk HPV types?
- What are examples of low-risk HPV types?
- Why does the prevalence of HPV types vary by region?
- How are cervical cell samples collected for HPV testing?
- How should samples be stored and transported for HPV testing?
- what patient readiness steps are necessary before HPV testing?
- what quality control measures are in place for HPV testing?
Q&A on Cervical Screening and HPV Genotyping in China
1. What is the purpose of cervical screening?
cervical screening aims to detect precancerous and cancerous changes in the cervix, allowing for early intervention and treatment to prevent cervical cancer. Regular screening is crucial for women’s health and can considerably reduce the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer.
2. Who was included in the study population for this analysis?
The study population included women who underwent routine cervical examinations at 2127 medical institutions across China. Key inclusion criteria were:
Women aged 18 to 80
clear location details (province)
Definitive positive or negative test results
Female gender
3. What were the exclusion criteria for the study?
The exclusion criteria were:
Pregnancy
Total hysterectomy
Systemic infection or autoimmune disease
Uterine surgery within 3 days
Other cancers
Duplicate cases
4. What age group showed the highest participation in cervical screening?
The 31 to 35 age group showed the highest participation, exceeding 120,000 individuals. This may indicate a heightened awareness and motivation for cervical screening in this age bracket.
5. When did cervical screening numbers peak in China between 2016 and 2023?
Cervical screening numbers peaked in 2021, with over 680,000 screenings conducted.
6. which regions in China had higher cervical screening numbers?
Eastern and central regions, such as Henan and Jiangsu provinces, had higher screening numbers. In contrast, western and remote regions showed lower numbers, potentially due to differences in economic progress, medical resource distribution, and health screening coverage.
7.How many HPV types were detected in the HPV genotyping process?
A total of 38 different HPV types were detected using HPV genotype testing kits (Kai Pu Biotechnology, China).
8. What are examples of high-risk HPV types?
The analysis identified 14 high-risk HPV types, including:
16
18
31
33
35
39
45
51
52
56
58
59
66
68
These types are associated with a higher risk of developing cervical cancer.
9. What are examples of low-risk HPV types?
The study detected 23 low-risk HPV types, including:
6
11
26
34
40
42
43
44
53
54
55
57
61
67
69
70
71
72
73
81
82
83
84
These types are less likely to cause cervical cancer but can lead to other conditions like genital warts.
10. Why does the prevalence of HPV types vary by region?
The prevalence of HPV types varies due to regional testing practices,local clinical conditions,and epidemiological factors. Not all cases were uniformly tested for all HPV types,and regional differences in healthcare access and awareness also contribute to this variation.
11. How are cervical cell samples collected for HPV testing?
Cervical cast-off cells are collected by healthcare providers using a standardized procedure:
- A vaginal dilator is used to expose the cervix.
- Mucus is wiped off with a cotton swab at the cervical opening.
- A cervical brush is inserted into the cervical opening and turned 3 to 5 times clockwise.
- The brush is slowly removed and placed into a sample tube containing cell preservation solution.
- The excess brush handle is broken off, leaving the brush head in the sample tube.
- The tube is covered with a lid, labeled with a number and date, and sent to the lab.
12. How should samples be stored and transported for HPV testing?
If samples cannot be tested promptly, they should be stored at 4 °C and tested within 2 weeks.
Specimens should be transported using low-temperature storage to maintain sample integrity. It is imperative to follow the manufacturer’s guidelines provided by the HPV genotype testing kit (kai pu Biotechnology, China) for the DNA extraction process.
13. What patient preparation steps are necessary before HPV testing?
Patients should follow these instructions:
- Avoid using vaginal medications or douching within 3 days before testing.
- Avoid sexual intercourse within 48 hours before sampling.
- ensure that sampling is conducted outside of the menstrual period.
- Do not apply acetic acid or iodine solution to the vaginal area before sampling.
14. What quality control measures are in place for HPV testing?
Stringent quality control measures are implemented to ensure reliability:
The blank control should display “Undet” for Cycle threshold (Ct) values in all fluorescence detection channels.
The positive control should have a Ct value ≤ 36 in the corresponding fluorescence detection channel.
If these conditions are met, the experiment is considered valid.
Table: Summary of Key Aspects of HPV Testing in China
| Category | Details |
| :———————- | :—————————————————————————————————————————————————— |
| HPV Typing Method | HPV L1 consensus polymerase chain reaction primers and flow hybridization technology for DNA amplification |
| Number of HPV Types | 38 (14 high-risk, 23 low-risk) |
| High-Risk HPV Types | 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68 |
| Low-Risk HPV Types | 6, 11, 26, 34, 40, 42, 43, 44, 53, 54, 55, 57, 61, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 81, 82, 83, 84 |
| sample Collection | Cervical brush inserted into the cervical opening, turned 3 to 5 times clockwise, then placed into a sample tube containing cell preservation solution |
| Sample Storage | Store at 4 °C; test within 2 weeks |
| Patient Preparation | Avoid vaginal medications, douching, and sexual intercourse before testing; conduct outside of menstrual period |
| Quality Control | Blank control “Undet” Ct values; Positive control Ct value ≤ 36 |