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- The Supreme Court's rulings in Students for Fair Admissions, Inc.
- The use of affirmative action in college admissions dates back to the 1960s, initially intended to address past and systemic discrimination against marginalized groups.
- Bollinger (2003), reaffirmed the permissibility of considering race in admissions, but emphasized the need for narrowly tailored programs and a compelling interest in achieving a diverse student body.
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The End of Affirmative Action: A Deep Dive into the SFFA Cases
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The Supreme Court’s rulings in Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. Harvard and Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v.university of North Carolina on june 29, 2023, effectively ended affirmative action in college admissions. This article examines the history of these cases, the Court’s decisions, the immediate impact, and the potential future of diversity in higher education.
The Background: Decades of affirmative Action and Legal Challenges
The use of affirmative action in college admissions dates back to the 1960s, initially intended to address past and systemic discrimination against marginalized groups. The landmark case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) established that while quotas were unconstitutional,race coudl be considered as *one factor* among many in a holistic review process. Oyez: Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
Subsequent cases, including Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) and Gratz v. Bollinger (2003), reaffirmed the permissibility of considering race in admissions, but emphasized the need for narrowly tailored programs and a compelling interest in achieving a diverse student body. Oyez: Grutter v. Bollinger Oyez: Gratz v.Bollinger These precedents were directly challenged by the Students for fair Admissions (SFFA).
The Students for Fair Admissions (SFFA) and the Lawsuits
Founded in 2014 by Edward Blum, SFFA is a non-profit institution dedicated to eliminating race-conscious admissions policies. The group argued that Harvard’s admissions practices discriminated against Asian American applicants, alleging that they were held to higher standards than applicants of other racial groups. A similar lawsuit was filed against the University of North Carolina (UNC),arguing that its policies discriminated against white and Asian American applicants. Students for Fair Admissions Website
The SFFA presented statistical evidence suggesting a correlation between race and admissions outcomes, arguing that Harvard intentionally lowered its standards for certain racial groups. Harvard countered that its holistic review process considered a wide range of factors, including academic achievement, extracurricular activities, and personal qualities, and that race was only one component of a complex evaluation. The district courts initially ruled in favor of the universities, but the SFFA appealed to the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court’s Decisions: A Landmark ruling
On June 29, 2023, the Supreme Court issued two 6-3 decisions, effectively ending affirmative action. Chief Justice John Roberts, writing for the majority, stated that Harvard and UNC’s admissions programs violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court held that the universities’ policies failed to offer a compelling interest that could justify the use of race in admissions and that the programs were not narrowly tailored. Supreme Court Opinion: Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. Harvard Supreme