Leptospirosis Outbreak in Réunion Island – 2026 Update

A seasonal increase in leptospirosis cases is currently underway on Réunion Island, coinciding with climatic conditions favorable to the survival of the bacteria in freshwater and humid environments. This increases the risk of contamination during activities without adequate protection in these settings.

As of the beginning of this year, February 23, 2026, 32 cases and one death have been reported to the Regional Health Agency. Of these 32 cases, 19 occurred in January and 13 in February; 14 cases were located in the southern part of the island and 14 in the eastern sector.

Understanding Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection spread through the urine of infected animals, including rodents, livestock, and wild animals. Humans can contract the disease through contact with water, soil, or vegetation contaminated with these bacteria. The bacteria can enter the body through cuts or abrasions in the skin, or through mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth.

Activities that increase the risk of exposure include gardening, agricultural work, and recreational activities in freshwater, such as swimming, wading, or kayaking. The Regional Health Agency (ARS) of Réunion emphasizes the importance of taking preventative measures during these activities.

Recent Surge and Public Health Response

The current increase in cases on Réunion Island has prompted a call for increased vigilance from the ARS, in conjunction with Public Health France and the National Health Insurance. This surge follows a similar pattern observed in other regions, as highlighted by recent reports of an outbreak in Fiji, where 179 cases have been recorded this year.

The ARS is reiterating the importance of protective measures, including wearing boots and gloves during activities that involve potential contact with contaminated water or mud. Protecting any wounds with waterproof bandages is also crucial. Individuals experiencing symptoms of leptospirosis are urged to consult a doctor promptly.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Symptoms of leptospirosis can vary widely, ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to severe and life-threatening illness. Initial symptoms often include fever, headache, muscle aches, and vomiting. As the infection progresses, it can lead to jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), kidney failure, liver damage, and even meningitis.

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to detect the presence of antibodies against the leptospirosis bacteria. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are essential to prevent severe complications.

Prevention and Vaccination

Preventative measures are key to reducing the risk of leptospirosis. These include:

• Avoiding contact with potentially contaminated water, soil, or vegetation.
• Wearing protective clothing, such as boots and gloves, when working in areas where exposure is likely.
• Protecting cuts and abrasions with waterproof bandages.
• Controlling rodent populations around homes, and workplaces.

Free vaccination is available on Réunion Island for those at highest risk, including farmers, livestock breeders, and individuals who regularly participate in recreational activities with a risk of exposure. This proactive approach aims to protect vulnerable populations and limit the spread of the disease.

Global Context and Chikungunya Considerations

While the focus is currently on the leptospirosis increase in Réunion, it’s important to note the broader context of infectious disease surveillance. Recent reports from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control highlight the ongoing global overview of Chikungunya virus disease, another mosquito-borne illness prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. The CDC recently updated its guidance on Chikungunya, recommending vaccination for certain travelers.

The presence of multiple infectious disease threats underscores the importance of comprehensive public health surveillance and preventative measures. Maintaining vigilance and promoting awareness among both residents and travelers are crucial steps in protecting public health.

The ARS of Réunion continues to monitor the situation closely and provide updates as needed. Individuals are encouraged to stay informed and follow the recommended preventative measures to minimize their risk of infection.