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- Mao Zedong's assertion, "Politieke macht komt uit de loop van een geweer," resonates even today, albeit with a more complex understanding.
- Contemporary analysts identify six key pillars of American power: military strength, economic prowess, the dollar's dominance, alliances (like NATO), influence in international forums (UN, World Bank), and soft...
- historian Nicholas Mulder notes in Foreign Affairs that "Tijdens de Koude Oorlog gebruikte Washington regelmatig economische dwang tegen bondgenoten," deeming it "historisch gezien een opmerkelijk succesvolle strategie is...
The Shifting Sands of Global Power in 2025
Table of Contents
- The Shifting Sands of Global Power in 2025
- The Shifting Sands of Global Power in 2025: A Q&A
- Understanding American Power in 2025
- Liberal vs. Realist Perspectives on Global Order
- The Critique of Current U.S. Foreign Policy
- What is Stephen Walt’s critique of current U.S. foreign policy?
- What does Walt suggest Europe should do in response to current U.S. policies?
- What are the potential consequences of current U.S. foreign policy according to Walt?
- What analogy does the article use to describe the current U.S. international course?
- Key Players and Their views
- Conclusion: A Destructive course?
Mao Zedong’s assertion, “Politieke macht komt uit de loop van een geweer,” resonates even today, albeit with a more complex understanding. Analyzing the world in 2025 reveals multiple sources of power, far beyond military might.
The Pillars of American Power
Contemporary analysts identify six key pillars of American power: military strength, economic prowess, the dollar’s dominance, alliances (like NATO), influence in international forums (UN, World Bank), and soft power. The perspective of some is that the latter three hinder the use of the first three, advocating for their dismissal to fully leverage national interests.
Such power dynamics aren’t new. historian Nicholas Mulder notes in Foreign Affairs that “Tijdens de Koude Oorlog gebruikte Washington regelmatig economische dwang tegen bondgenoten,” deeming it “historisch gezien een opmerkelijk succesvolle strategie is geweest.” Though, with America’s economic position waning, Mulder suggests that overplaying this hand could “het verval van de Amerikaanse mondiale invloed verder versnelt.”
The Liberal Perspective: cooperation and Global Order
The ‘liberal school’ of thought anticipates significant damage to the U.S. This perspective views the world as a collaborative space where nations pursue shared goals. For the past seventy-five years, liberal democracies have fostered a liberal world order, emphasizing free trade and establishing institutions to govern it.
Hoogleraar Stephen Walt raadt Europa aan om lidmaatschap aan te vragen van de Brics
This school believes the U.S. deliberately bound itself to international agreements, forums, and alliances. Politicoloog John Ikenberry wrote in his book After Victory, that strong countries that don’t do that “vroeg of laat worden neergehaald door een verbond van minder machtige vijanden.” Historically, dominant nations like Great Britain and the U.S. have limited their power through alliances and international systems, paradoxically protecting and prolonging their dominance.
Consequently, the dismantling of this liberal world order is met with dismay, fearing it will only foster anti-American cooperation. This viewpoint suggests the U.S. is sacrificing its global influence for short-term gains.
Joseph Nye, a prominent figure in the liberal school, wrote in the Financial Times, “Trump ziet de hele door de VS geleide wereldorde als een slechte deal, waardoor de VS oneerlijke praktijken in gelokt is en betaalt voor andermans defensie,” adding, “Maar hij is zo geobsedeerd door meelifters dat hij vergeet dat het besturen van de bus in Amerika’s belang is.”
The Realist Counterpoint: Anarchy and Self-reliance
Support for such actions might be expected from ‘machtsrealisten’ (power realists), who view the world as anarchic, where nations must rely on themselves for survival. They often dismiss other perspectives as moralistic or naive, prioritizing a ‘realistic’ approach over idealistic pursuits. In recent years, many have argued against U.S. involvement in the Ukraine war, NATO membership for Ukraine, and isolating Russia, focusing on the impact of actions on American interests.
Many within the goverment align with this school.Figures like Vice President JD vance and buitenlandminister Marco Rubio frequently use “realistisch” to describe the U.S.’s new direction. Some analyses point to power realism as a consistent factor in the seemingly erratic policies.
Volgens liberalen leidt Trumps sloopkogel tot meer anti-Amerikaanse samenwerking
However, actual power realists – those who study and write about this worldview – don’t believe current actions serve American interests or constitute a truly realistic policy.
A Realist Critique: Stephen Walt’s Perspective
Stephen Walt,a Harvard professor and a key figure in the power realist camp,initially dismissed moralistic criticisms. Though, he argued that “Het echte probleem is dat Trump geen enkel idee heeft wat hij werkelijk moet doen aan deze problemen, en hij lijkt niet in staat om een coherente benadering te formuleren voor welk probleem dan ook. Voor zover hij een daadwerkelijk beleid heeft richting Europa, om een voorbeeld te nemen, is dat het tegenovergestelde van wat de Verenigde Staten het beste zouden kunnen doen.”
By 2025,Walt’s stance has become even more negative. In Foreign Policy, under the title Yes, America Is Europe’s Enemy Now, Walt acknowledges historical frictions between the U.S. and Europe, and how power realists have often pushed for different policies. he writes that one might think Trump is “goede machtsrealistische logica volgt en enkel een dosis harde liefde uitdeelt aan een zelfvoldaan continent,” but concludes, “Helaas, was dat maar waar.”
Walt argues that current figures “ver voorbij langer bestaande meningsverschillen gegaan en willen de relatie met langdurige Amerikaanse bondgenoten fundamenteel wijzigen. Hun agenda is openlijk vijandig tegen de bestaande Europese orde.” He questions how anyone could consider this “realistisch” or in the U.S.’s interest. “Er was een nieuwe arbeidsdeling nodig met Europa, maar het doel had altijd moeten zijn om een hoog niveau van trans-Atlantische vriendschap te behouden in plaats van openlijke vijandigheid aan te moedigen,” walt states. “Als trumps diplomatieke revolutie 450 miljoen Europeanen van standvastige bondgenoten verandert in bittere en rancuneuze tegenstanders die manieren zoeken om de VS dwars te zitten, dan kunnen de VS dat alleen zichzelf aanrekenen.”
Power realism doesn’t equate to creating enemies and problems, or driving allies into the arms of others. Walt even suggests europe should pursue trade and technological cooperation with China, work on an option international payment system to undermine the dollar, and seek membership in the BRICS alliance, which aims to challenge American leadership.
Conclusion: A destructive course?
Across the political spectrum,few experts see benefits in the current international course. It resembles a “Kopen of slopen” scenario, where the U.S. is demolishing its own house without a clear plan for what’s next. As Stephen Walt puts it,this is “kostbaar voor Europa en schadelijk voor de VS.” The aftermath will likely linger for some time.
The Shifting Sands of Global Power in 2025: A Q&A
This article explores the evolving landscape of global power in 2025, examining the strengths and potential vulnerabilities of the United States, and the different schools of thought on how America should navigate this changing world.
Understanding American Power in 2025
What are the key pillars of American power in 2025?
Analysts identify six main pillars:
Military Strength: The US maintains a powerful military.
Economic Prowess: Despite shifts, the US economy remains a notable force.
Dollar’s dominance: The US dollar’s role as the primary global reserve currency.
Alliances (like NATO): Strategic alliances that provide security and influence.
Influence in International Forums (UN, World Bank): Leveraging positions in global organizations.
Soft Power: Cultural and ideological influence.
Is the use of all pillars of American power universally supported?
No. Some argue that alliances, international forums, and soft power hinder the effective use of military strength, economic power and the dollar’s dominance by restricting the freedom of action needed to fully pursue U.S. national interests of the US.
Has the US always used economic coercion against allies?
Yes. According to historian Nicholas Mulder, the U.S. frequently used economic coercion against allies during the Cold War,deeming it a historically successful strategy. However, Mulder suggests that with America’s economic position possibly waning, overusing this tactic could accelerate the decline of American global influence.
Liberal vs. Realist Perspectives on Global Order
What is the “liberal school” perspective on global order?
The liberal school views the world as a collaborative space where nations pursue shared goals. They advocate for a liberal world order built on free trade and international institutions which foster anti-american cooperation.
What is the realist perspective on global order?
Realists view the world as anarchic,with nations prioritizing self-reliance for survival.They emphasize a “realistic” approach based on national interests over idealistic pursuits.
What do realists think of U.S. involvement in the Ukraine war and NATO expansion?
Many realists have argued against U.S. involvement in the Ukraine war, NATO membership for Ukraine, and isolating Russia, believing that these actions do not serve American interests.
Do all “power realists” support current U.S. foreign policy decisions?
No. Many power realists do not believe current actions actually serve American interests or constitute a truly realistic policy. The policies are too erratic to be deemed realistic
The Critique of Current U.S. Foreign Policy
What is Stephen Walt’s critique of current U.S. foreign policy?
Stephen walt, a prominent power realist, argues that current actions are counterproductive. He believes that alienating allies is not in the U.S.’s interest.
What does Walt suggest Europe should do in response to current U.S. policies?
Walt suggests Europe should pursue trade and technological cooperation with China, work on an alternative international payment system to undermine the dollar, and even seek membership in the BRICS alliance.
What are the potential consequences of current U.S. foreign policy according to Walt?
Walt warns that alienating European allies could turn them into bitter adversaries seeking ways to undermine the U.S., ultimately harming American interests.
What analogy does the article use to describe the current U.S. international course?
The article likens it to a “Kopen of slopen” (buy or demolish) scenario, where the U.S. is demolishing its own house without a clear plan for what comes next.
Key Players and Their views
Below is a table summarizing the positions of key figures mentioned.
| Figure | Stance | Key Argument |
|—|—|—|
| Joseph Nye | Liberal | Dismantling the liberal world order damages US influence and is obsessed with free-riders. |
| Nicholas Mulder | Historian | Overusing economic coercion could accelerate the decline of American global influence. |
| John Ikenberry | Political Scientist | Strong countries that don’t limit their power through alliances are eventually challenged by a coalition of weaker enemies. |
| Stephen Walt | Power Realist | Current policies are alienating allies and harming U.S. interests; Europe should seek alternatives. |
| JD Vance & Marco rubio | Government Officials | Use “realistisch” to describe the U.S.’s new direction. |
Conclusion: A Destructive course?
What is the overall assessment of the current international course?
Few experts see benefits in the current international course. It is viewed as costly for Europe and harmful for the U.S., with long-lasting negative consequences.
