Munich, Germany – As the 2026 Munich Security Conference gets underway, a central theme has emerged: the European Union’s increasingly urgent quest for strategic autonomy, particularly in the realm of defense. Driven by concerns over reliance on the United States and facing growing economic competition from China, European leaders are pushing for a more independent defense industry and a strengthened security posture.
The impetus for this shift is multifaceted. The unpredictable nature of trans-Atlantic relations, highlighted by the policies of previous US administrations, has underscored the vulnerability of European dependence. European leaders, while not explicitly stating a desire to distance themselves from the United States, are increasingly focused on building capabilities that allow for a more independent course of action. This sentiment was echoed at the conference, with calls for increased investment in defense technologies and a streamlining of arms procurement processes.
Data analyzed from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) reveals the extent of the United States’ dominance in the global arms market. For over two decades, the US has been the world’s largest weapons exporter, accounting for 35% of global arms sales. Russia follows with 21%, while France, Germany, and China hold 8%, 7%, and 5% respectively. Combined, these five nations control 74% of all weapons traded between 2000 and 2024. This data underscores the challenge facing the EU as it seeks to build its own robust defense industry.
The push for self-reliance isn’t solely about military hardware. European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, speaking earlier this year, signaled plans to unveil a strategy in March aimed at deepening the EU’s single market. This initiative, according to reports, is intended to bolster the bloc’s economic competitiveness and resilience, addressing concerns about both US tariffs and increasing competition from China. The focus extends beyond trade agreements to encompass defense and security partnerships, reflecting a broader understanding that economic and security interests are inextricably linked.
However, achieving this autonomy is proving complex. Leaders acknowledge the need for significant reforms to address internal divisions and overcome obstacles to greater integration. Disagreements persist, particularly regarding the concept of joint debt issuance, a proposal intended to finance large-scale investment in strategic technologies and infrastructure. While some nations advocate for a more unified fiscal approach, others remain hesitant, citing concerns about national sovereignty and financial burdens.
Adding to the pressure is the growing economic competition from China. Recent trade data indicates that the EU’s trade surplus is shrinking, impacted by US tariffs and the influx of Chinese imports. This trend is raising concerns about the erosion of domestic production and the potential for increased economic dependence on Beijing. French President Emmanuel Macron has been particularly vocal in warning about the risks posed by what he describes as “trade coercion” from the United States, highlighting the need for Europe to defend its economic interests.
The debate over the EU’s future role on the global stage is also framed by the intensifying systemic rivalry between the United States and China. Analysts suggest that Europe must navigate this competition strategically, avoiding a forced choice between the two superpowers. A key element of this strategy is strengthening technological independence, recognizing that leadership in areas like artificial intelligence and digital infrastructure will be crucial for maintaining economic and security advantages.
A recent report by the Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA) emphasizes the importance of a strong transatlantic technology partnership. The report argues that cooperation between the US and Europe is essential to counter China’s growing influence in the tech sector. While the US currently holds a significant lead in many key digital technologies, the report warns that European stagnation would not only harm its own competitiveness but also weaken its ability to serve as a reliable partner to the United States. US trade with China remains substantial, but the report highlights the significantly larger economic ties between the US and Europe – a $1.3 trillion trade relationship in 2023, exceeding US trade with China by almost 40%.
The discussions at the Munich Security Conference reflect a growing consensus that Europe must step up its role as a geopolitical actor. Leaders are calling for a more assertive foreign policy, capable of defending European interests and values on the world stage. This ambition, however, requires not only increased investment in defense and technology but also a greater willingness to act collectively and to overcome internal divisions. The path towards strategic autonomy is fraught with challenges, but the urgency of the situation is driving a renewed sense of purpose within the European Union.
The need for a stronger, more independent EU is further underscored by the recognition that neither the US nor Europe can effectively address global challenges – including competition with China – in isolation. A collaborative approach, built on shared values and mutual interests, is seen as the most viable path forward. The coming months will be critical as the EU translates its ambitions into concrete policies and investments, shaping its future role in a rapidly changing world.