Der Einfluss der Genregulation auf das Immunsystem und grundlegende Fragen der modernen Kosmologie – mit diesen Themen beschäftigen sich Jonathan Bohlen und Jiamin Hou, die nun von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft im Rahmen des Emmy Noether-Programms ausgezeichnet werden. Die Fördersumme beträgt jeweils 1,85 Millionen Euro für einen Zeitraum von sechs Jahren.
Wie Immunzellen Entscheidungen treffen
Table of Contents
Jonathan Bohlen ist Forschungsgruppenleiter am Genzentrum der LMU. | © LMU / Jan Greune
Dr. Jonathan Bohlen ist Forschungsgruppenleiter am Genzentrum der LMU. Für seine Forschung erhält er im Rahmen des Emmy Noether-Programms eine Förderung von 1,85 Millionen Euro. In seinem Projekt „Spezialisierte mRNA Translation ist ein Bestandteil der menschlichen T-Zell-Immunität“ wird er in den kommenden sechs Jahren erforschen, wie molekulare Mechanismen der genregulation das Immunsystem beeinflussen.
T-zellen spielen eine zentrale Rolle in unserem Immunsystem.Um Infektionen zu bekämpfen oder Tumorzellen zu erkennen, müssen sie sich innerhalb kurzer Zeit an neue Situationen anpassen. Dafür muss die Zelle nicht nur die Genaktivität steuern, sondern vor allem auch die Proteinproduktion schnell und gezielt anpassen. Ein Schlüsselmechanismus ist dabei die sogenannte Translation, bei der die im Botenmolekül mRNA gespeicherte genetische Information in Proteine übersetzt wird. Dieser Prozess benötigt besonders viel Energie und gehört zu den bislang am wenigsten verstandenen Elementen der Immunregulation.
In seinem neuen Projekt untersucht Bohlen erstmals systematisch, wie spezielle Mechanismen der Proteinsynthese die Funktion von T-Zellen steuern. Ausgangspunkt ist eine seltene angeborene Immunschwäche, bei der ein Defekt in einem an der Regulierung der Translation beteiligten Faktor zu einer ausgeprägten Anfälligkeit für Mykobakterien führt. „Daher nehmen wir an, dass Feinabstimmungen der Translation wesentlich bestimmen, wie T-Zellen auf Krankheitserreger, Stress und Aktivierungssignale reagieren“, sagt Bohlen.
Ziel des Projektes ist es, spezifische T-Zell-Signalwege besser zu verstehen sowie bisher unbekannte, T-Zell-spezifische mRNAs zu identifizieren und zu klären, wie diese Zellen selbst unter starkem Stress eine hohe Proteinproduktion aufrechterhalten können.„Insgesamt soll das Projekt ein neues Verständnis schaffen,wie Immunzellen biologische Entscheidungen treffen“,sagt Bohlen,„diese Erkenntnisse legen die Grundlage für eine bessere Diagnostik seltener Immundefekte und die Weiterentwicklung T-zell-basierter Therapien.“
Auf der Suche nach einer neuen Physik
The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022
The inflation Reduction Act of 2022 is a landmark United States federal law that aims to lower healthcare costs, address climate change, and raise taxes on large corporations. President Joe Biden signed the bill into law on August 16, 2022, marking a critically important legislative achievement for his management.
The Act represents a considerable investment in clean energy and climate resilience,offering tax credits and rebates for consumers and businesses to adopt sustainable practices. It also empowers Medicare to negotiate prescription drug prices, a long-sought goal for lowering healthcare expenses. Funding for these provisions comes, in part, from a 15% minimum tax on corporations with over $1 billion in profits.
For example, the Act provides up to $7,500 in tax credits for the purchase of new electric vehicles and $4,000 for used electric vehicles, as detailed in IRS guidance on clean vehicle credits.
Key Provisions: Healthcare cost Reduction
The Inflation Reduction Act directly addresses healthcare costs by allowing Medicare to negotiate the prices of certain prescription drugs. This is a fundamental shift in how Medicare operates and is expected to lower costs for seniors.
Prior to the Act, Medicare was prohibited from directly negotiating drug prices with pharmaceutical companies. The new law phases in negotiation for a limited number of high-cost drugs, starting with 10 drugs in 2026 and increasing to 20 drugs by 2029. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that these negotiations will save the federal government approximately $101.8 billion over ten years.
As an example, the first 10 drugs selected for price negotiation, announced by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) on September 29, 2023, include medications for diabetes, heart failure, and blood clots, as reported by CMS.
Key Provisions: Climate Change and Energy Security
The Inflation Reduction Act allocates approximately $369 billion towards climate and energy provisions, making it the largest climate investment in U.S. history. These investments aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by roughly 40% below 2005 levels by 2030.
The Act offers a range of incentives for clean energy growth, including tax credits for renewable energy production, energy efficiency improvements, and the adoption of electric vehicles. It also supports investments in climate resilience and environmental justice initiatives. The department of Energy is overseeing many of these programs, with details available on their Inflation Reduction Act webpage.
For instance, the Act provides a tax credit of up to 30% for homeowners who install solar panels, as outlined in DOE’s information on the Home Solar Tax Credit. This incentive is expected to significantly increase the adoption of solar energy across the country.
Key Provisions: Corporate Tax Reform
The Inflation reduction Act introduces a 15% minimum tax on corporations with annual profits exceeding $1 billion. This provision aims to ensure that large, profitable corporations pay their fair share of taxes.
Prior to the Act, many large corporations were able to utilize tax loopholes and deductions to pay little or no federal income tax. The 15% minimum tax is designed to close these loopholes and generate revenue to fund the Act’s other provisions. the Joint Committee on Taxation estimates that this tax will raise approximately $253.4 billion over ten years.
As an example,the law specifically targets book income,which is the income reported to investors,rather than taxable income,as explained in a Treasury Department analysis. This prevents companies from reducing their tax liability through accounting maneuvers.
- joe Biden: President of the United States who signed the Act into law.
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS): Agency responsible for implementing the healthcare provisions of the Act.
- Department of Energy (DOE): Agency overseeing the climate and energy provisions.
- internal Revenue Service (IRS): Agency responsible for administering the tax credits and tax provisions.
- Congressional Budget Office (CBO): Provides independent analysis of the budgetary impact of
Here’s a breakdown of teh information from the provided text:
Main Issue:
* flight disruptions at Munich Airport due to drone sightings.
Current Situation (as of the text):
* A night flight ban in Munich means travelers with canceled flights are stranded at the airport overnight.
* the airport is providing accommodations: field beds,blankets,drinks,and snacks.
* Travelers are advised to contact their airlines to inquire about potential flights on Saturday.
Timeline of Disruptions:
* Thursday Evening & Friday Night: Initial drone sightings caused flight cancellations and redirections to airports like Nuremberg and stuttgart. Approximately 3,000 passengers were affected.
* Friday Morning: Flight operations resumed.
Source:
* The information is sourced from Tagesschau (https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/muenchen-flughafen-drohnen-100.html).
In essence, the text reports on the fallout from drone activity at Munich Airport, leading to flight cancellations and passenger inconvenience.
Lufthansa to Deploy A380 on Munich-san Francisco Route This Winter
MUNICH (AP) — Lufthansa will expand it’s Airbus A380 service from Munich this winter, adding San Francisco to the list of destinations served by the superjumbo jet, the airline announced. The move signals increased capacity on the popular trans-Atlantic route.
While Lufthansa is still operating its summer schedule, preparations are underway for the winter flight plan. The airline aims to provide a “stable,punctual and reliable flight schedule,” according to a statement. The addition of the A380 to the San Francisco route is a notable change for aviation enthusiasts.
Currently, the Munich-San Francisco route utilizes the Airbus A350-900, a smaller aircraft.A review of Lufthansa’s booking system confirms the upcoming switch to the larger A380 for the winter season.
Lufthansa will also continue to operate the A380 on routes from Munich to Bangkok, Delhi, and Los Angeles. The A380, the world’s largest passenger aircraft, was temporarily retired during the COVID-19 pandemic.Lufthansa initially mothballed its entire A380 fleet, but later reversed course and reactivated several of the planes.
Prior to the pandemic, Lufthansa operated 14 A380 aircraft. Six where sold back to Airbus, while the remaining eight are now based in Munich, rather than Lufthansa’s primary hub in Frankfurt. The A380s are configured to carry over 500 passengers in four classes of service.
Lufthansa A380 (archive)” style=”max-width:100%;”># Lufthansa A380 to Fly Munich to San Francisco This Winter: Your Questions Answered
Are you excited about the prospect of flying on a Lufthansa A380? HereS everything you need to know about Lufthansa’s plans to bring the superjumbo jet to the Munich-San Francisco route this winter.
## What’s the Big News? Lufthansa is Sending the A380 to San Francisco!
Lufthansa announced that they will be expanding their Airbus A380 service from Munich this winter, and San francisco is on the list of destinations. This signals an increase in capacity on this popular trans-Atlantic route.
## What Does This Mean for passengers?
increased capacity usually means more seats available on the route. While the provided article doesn’t explicitly mention it, this could potentially lead to more competitive pricing as well, although this is not guaranteed.
## Why is This Meaningful for Aviation enthusiasts?
The A380 is a massive aircraft and a favorite among aviation enthusiasts. It’s return to the San Francisco route adds variety and excitement to the travel experience. The article explicitly mentions that “the addition of the A380 to the San Francisco route is a notable change for aviation enthusiasts.”
## What Aircraft Is Currently Used on the Munich-San Francisco Route?
Currently, the Munich-San Francisco route utilizes the Airbus A350-900, a smaller aircraft than the A380.
## What Makes the A380 Special?
The A380 is the world’s largest passenger aircraft,capable of carrying over 500 passengers. It offers a different flying experience compared to smaller aircraft, frequently enough with more space and sometimes more amenities, depending on the configuration.
## Where Else Will Lufthansa Operate the A380 from Munich?
Lufthansa will also continue to operate the A380 on routes from Munich to:
* Bangkok
* Delhi
* Los Angeles
## How Many Passengers Can the Lufthansa A380 Carry?
According to the provided information, Lufthansa’s A380s are configured to carry over 500 passengers. This is a significant increase in capacity compared to the A350-900 currently used on the Munich-san Francisco route.
## How Has lufthansa’s A380 Fleet Changed?
The A380 fleet underwent some significant changes, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here’s a breakdown:
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Pre-Pandemic Fleet | Lufthansa operated 14 A380 aircraft. |
| Aircraft Sold | Six A380s where sold back to Airbus. |
| Current Base of Operations | The remaining eight A380s are now based in Munich,rather than Lufthansa’s primary hub in Frankfurt. |
| Pandemic Impact | The A380 fleet was temporarily retired during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lufthansa initially mothballed its entire A380 fleet,but later reactivated several. |
## Why Were the A380s Retired During the Pandemic?
The article clarifies that the A380s were temporarily retired “during the COVID-19 pandemic.” This was likely driven by reduced travel demand and economic factors.
## Where are the Lufthansa A380s currently based?
The remaining eight A380s are now based in Munich,not Frankfurt where Lufthansa’s primary hub is located.
OpenAI Opens First German Office in Munich Amidst AI Boom
Table of Contents
- OpenAI Opens First German Office in Munich Amidst AI Boom
- Strategic Location in Munich
- Söder Welcomes OpenAI to Bavaria
- OpenAI Seeks Employees in Germany
- OpenAI in germany: Your Top Questions answered
- Why is openai opening its first German office in Munich?
- what makes Munich a strategic location for OpenAI?
- What does OpenAI hope to achieve with the new Munich office?
- How has the Bavarian government responded to OpenAI’s arrival?
- What investments has Bavaria made in AI?
- Is OpenAI hiring in Germany?
- Which companies in Germany are already using OpenAI’s software?
- Where specifically in Munich is the OpenAI`s new office located?
- what are the benefits of using ChatGPT?
- Summary of key points:
Munich – OpenAI, teh company behind the popular chatbot ChatGPT, has officially opened its first German office in Munich. The move comes as Germany ranks among the top three markets globally for ChatGPT subscribers and boasts the highest number of users in Europe, according too OpenAI.
Strategic Location in Munich
The choice of Munich as the location underscores Germany’s significance in the artificial intelligence landscape. Millions are using ChatGPT, a chatbot that allows users to communicate through text, voice input, and photos, receiving answers to a multitude of questions. For many,the bot has become an everyday tool.
Germany is globally recognized for its technical excellence and industrial innovation – it is therefore only logical that the country plays a leading role in the adoption of AI.
Brad Lightcap, Open-AI-COO
Brad Lightcap, COO of OpenAI, emphasized Germany’s importance during the opening ceremony held at the Deutsches Museum‘s Zukunftsforum on Thursday evening.
The opening of the Munich office aims to further solidify Germany’s leading position and enable more individuals, businesses, and institutions to benefit from the transformative technology, according to OpenAI.
Söder Welcomes OpenAI to Bavaria
Bavarian Prime Minister Markus Söder (CSU) welcomed the software firm, stating that it is a perfect fit for Bavaria. “Welcome to bavaria: We are the Silicon Valley of Europe, and Munich is the German AI hotspot,” Söder said.
The state of Bavaria has invested six billion euros in cutting-edge science and research, is establishing over 100 AI professorships, and already has nine supercomputers. ”Modern technology is the chance of our time – and we will seize this opportunity,” Söder added,noting that OpenAI is the right partner for this endeavor.
OpenAI Seeks Employees in Germany
While the exact location of the office space has not been disclosed, OpenAI has indicated that it is centrally located in Munich.
The company, which currently employs 4,400 people, is actively seeking new employees for its German operations.OpenAI reports that various companies, including Sparkasse, DKB-Bank, Zalando, Kostal, and Viessmann, are already utilizing its software to enhance productivity and streamline workflows.
OpenAI in germany: Your Top Questions answered
Here’s what you need to no about OpenAI’s expansion into Germany, presented in a clear Q&A format.
Why is openai opening its first German office in Munich?
OpenAI, the company behind the popular chatbot ChatGPT, has chosen Munich, Germany, for its first German office. This move reflects germany’s importance in the global AI landscape and its growing adoption of ChatGPT. As stated by OpenAI, Germany ranks among the top three markets globally for ChatGPT subscribers and boasts the highest number of users in Europe.
what makes Munich a strategic location for OpenAI?
Munich’s selection underscores Germany’s importance in artificial intelligence and technological innovation. As Brad Lightcap, OpenAI’s COO, highlighted, Germany is globally recognized for its technical excellence and industrial innovation, making it a logical choice for a leading role in AI adoption. Moreover, millions of people in Germany are already using ChatGPT daily, making it an everyday tool for many.
What does OpenAI hope to achieve with the new Munich office?
The primary aim of the Munich office, according to OpenAI, is to solidify Germany’s leading position in AI. This expansion will enable more individuals, businesses, and institutions to benefit from transformative AI technology.
How has the Bavarian government responded to OpenAI’s arrival?
Bavarian Prime Minister markus Söder (CSU) has warmly welcomed OpenAI to Bavaria. He described the company as a perfect fit for the region,declaring Munich as the “German AI hotspot” and Bavaria as the “Silicon Valley of Europe.”
What investments has Bavaria made in AI?
Bavaria is heavily invested in fostering cutting-edge science and research, with six billion euros already committed. Furthermore, they are establishing over 100 AI professorships and possess nine supercomputers, illustrating the state’s commitment to being at the forefront of technological advancement.
Is OpenAI hiring in Germany?
Yes, OpenAI is actively seeking new employees for its German operations. The company, which currently employs 4,400 people, is expanding its team in Munich.
Which companies in Germany are already using OpenAI’s software?
Several companies in Germany are already utilizing OpenAI’s software to enhance productivity and streamline workflows. These companies include:
Sparkasse
DKB-Bank
Zalando
Kostal
* Viessmann
Where specifically in Munich is the OpenAI`s new office located?
While OpenAI has not yet disclosed the exact address of the office space, they have confirmed it is centrally located in Munich.
what are the benefits of using ChatGPT?
ChatGPT allows users to communicate through text, voice input, and photos, receiving answers to a multitude of questions. For many, it has become an everyday tool.
Summary of key points:
| Feature | Details |
| :————— | :————————————————————————- |
| Location | Munich,Germany |
| Purpose | First German office for OpenAI |
| Significance | Demonstrates Germany’s leading role in AI and high user adoption of ChatGPT |
| Key Players | OpenAI,Brad Lightcap,Markus Söder |
| Bavaria’s Role | Strong investment in AI and welcoming of OpenAI |
| Focus | Expanding in Germany and aiding businesses using AI tech |