Activation of Type 2 Taste Receptors by Polyphenols May Help Reduce Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity

A recent study has found that activation of the type 2 taste receptor (T2R) in the gastrointestinal tract by polyphenols induces the secretion of hormones that help lower the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Polyphenols are natural compounds that occur in plant foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and seeds. There are over 8,000 types of polyphenols, all of which have antioxidant properties that protect body cells from aging and external damage.

Polyphenols are generally bitter and interact with T2R, a bitter taste receptor. T2R is distributed not only in the tongue but also in various organs of the body, and is widely expressed in the digestive tract, where it is involved in the secretion of incretin, a digestive hormone, and appetite suppression.

The research team focused on the relationship between the bitter taste of polyphenols, glucose tolerance, and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. They found that when T2R in the gastrointestinal tract is activated by polyphenol, it induces the secretion of GLP-1 and cholecystokinin (CCK), hormones involved in appetite and blood sugar control.

Both CCK and GLP-1 are hormones that help reduce appetite and regulate blood sugar, and gastrointestinal hormones secreted by polyphenols may help reduce an individual’s risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

The research team argued that new ways to control blood sugar and appetite must be found, as current medications prescribed for type 2 diabetes often cause side effects and there are no widely available preventive medications.

GLP-1 receptor agonists, commonly prescribed to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity, are absorbed and act on GLP-1 receptors in target organs, but may inadvertently cause adverse effects on the gastrointestinal tract and blood sugar.

Polyphenols, which show similar effects to drugs but are safer than drugs, have the potential to replace existing GLP-1 targeting treatments.

Experts assessed that research is needed to determine how much polyphenol or polyphenol-containing food intake should be made to make a significant difference in terms of diabetes and weight management, and whether polyphenols can be obtained in a concentrated form and made into supplements.

By incorporating polyphenol-rich foods into our diets, we may be able to reduce our risk of developing type 2 diabetes and obesity, and improve our overall health and well-being.