The United States military conducted air strikes against Islamic State group targets in Somalia on , according to an announcement by President Donald Trump.
The strikes represent a renewed focus on countering the growing influence of Islamic State in the Horn of Africa, a region already grappling with the persistent threat posed by the al-Qaeda affiliate, al-Shabaab. While details regarding the specific targets and locations of the strikes remain limited, the action signals a willingness to directly engage with Islamic State elements operating within Somalia’s complex security landscape.
Somalia has been mired in conflict for decades, characterized by political instability, clan rivalries and the presence of multiple armed groups. Al-Shabaab has long been the dominant force, controlling significant territory, particularly in rural areas, and regularly launching attacks against government installations, international peacekeepers, and civilian populations. The group aims to overthrow the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) and establish a strict Islamic state, potentially encompassing all ethnic Somalis in the wider East Africa region – a concept often referred to as “Greater Somalia.”
The emergence of Islamic State in Somalia presents a further complication to the already fragile security situation. While smaller than al-Shabaab, Islamic State has been actively recruiting fighters and establishing a foothold, particularly in the semi-autonomous Puntland region. The group’s presence raises concerns about potential clashes with al-Shabaab, as well as the possibility of attracting foreign fighters and exacerbating regional instability.
The US has a long history of involvement in Somalia, primarily focused on counterterrorism efforts. For years, the US military has provided training, equipment, and logistical support to the Somali government and African Union peacekeeping forces (AMISOM). Direct US military intervention, including drone strikes and special operations raids, has been a recurring feature of this engagement, though often conducted with a degree of discretion. The recent air strikes, publicly acknowledged by President Trump, suggest a shift towards a more assertive approach.
The Somali government’s limited capacity to govern effectively and provide basic services has created a permissive environment for both al-Shabaab and Islamic State to thrive. A dire humanitarian crisis, compounded by recurring droughts and food insecurity, further exacerbates the challenges facing the country. These conditions allow armed groups to exploit grievances and recruit vulnerable populations.
Recent years have witnessed a series of high-profile attacks carried out by al-Shabaab in Mogadishu and other parts of Somalia. These include bombings targeting hotels, government buildings, and security forces, as well as assaults on military bases. , saw an explosion provoked by al-Shabaab militants targeting a police station on the outskirts of Mogadishu. Attacks on the Elite Hotel in Lido beach () and the SYL hotel () demonstrate the group’s ability to penetrate even heavily guarded areas. The Ballidogle American special forces military base was also targeted in , highlighting the risks faced by international actors operating in the country.
The US air strikes are likely to be viewed as a demonstration of support for the Somali government and a signal to Islamic State that its activities will not be tolerated. However, the long-term effectiveness of military action remains uncertain. Addressing the underlying political, economic, and social factors that contribute to instability is crucial for achieving lasting peace and security in Somalia.
The situation is further complicated by the ongoing conflict with al-Shabaab. Despite years of military operations, the group remains a potent force, capable of launching attacks and controlling territory. The potential for a two-front war – against both al-Shabaab and Islamic State – could stretch Somalia’s limited security resources even further.
RFI, a French public radio station broadcasting in 16 languages, continues to provide coverage of the situation in Somalia, reaching audiences across the African continent and beyond. The station’s multilingual approach allows it to deliver information to communities where access to free and independent news is often restricted.
The international community faces a complex challenge in Somalia. A comprehensive strategy that combines military pressure with political dialogue, humanitarian assistance, and long-term development initiatives is essential to address the root causes of conflict and build a more stable and prosperous future for the country.
