Fatigue and a range of neurological symptoms, including numbness and tingling in the extremities, may be early indicators of vitamin B12 deficiency. These symptoms can progress to cognitive difficulties, memory problems, muscle weakness, and even a painful, inflamed tongue, according to Dr. Sooraj Kokkadia, known on TikTok as Dr Sooj.
Beyond these, the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) identifies additional potential symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency, such as shortness of breath, indigestion, loss of appetite, heart palpitations, and diarrhea.
While dietary insufficiency can contribute to low vitamin B12 levels, the most common underlying cause is pernicious anemia. What we have is an autoimmune disorder where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks cells in the stomach, hindering the absorption of vitamin B12. The precise cause of pernicious anemia remains unclear, but This proves observed more frequently in women approaching their sixties, individuals with a family history of the condition, and those with other autoimmune diseases like vitiligo.
Understanding Vitamin B12 and Pernicious Anemia
Vitamin B12 is crucial for numerous vital bodily functions, most notably the formation of red blood cells and the maintenance of a healthy nervous system. A deficiency can therefore have widespread effects.
Pernicious anemia specifically arises from the inability to absorb vitamin B12 due to a lack of intrinsic factor, a protein produced in the stomach necessary for B12 absorption in the small intestine. The autoimmune attack in pernicious anemia targets the parietal cells in the stomach, which are responsible for producing intrinsic factor.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Fortunately, most cases of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency are readily treatable. Treatment typically involves vitamin B12 injections or oral supplements to replenish depleted levels.
Initial treatment often begins with vitamin B12 injections. The subsequent course of treatment is then tailored to the underlying cause of the deficiency. If the deficiency is linked to dietary intake, oral vitamin B12 supplements taken between meals may be sufficient. However, individuals with pernicious anemia often require regular, ongoing vitamin B12 injections, as their bodies are unable to absorb the vitamin effectively from food.
Treatment duration varies depending on the severity of the deficiency and the individual’s response. Levels are monitored, and treatment continues until they improve. In some cases, long-term maintenance therapy may be necessary.
Who is at Risk?
While pernicious anemia is the most common cause of vitamin B12 deficiency, other factors can also contribute. These include certain medical conditions affecting the stomach or small intestine (such as Crohn’s disease or celiac disease), surgical removal of part of the stomach, and prolonged use of certain medications that interfere with B12 absorption. Strict vegetarians and vegans are also at increased risk, as vitamin B12 is primarily found in animal products.
The NHS recommends that adults aged 19 to 64 consume approximately 1.5 micrograms of vitamin B12 daily. However, individuals with conditions that impair absorption may require higher doses.
Recognizing the Symptoms and Seeking Medical Attention
The symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency can be subtle and develop gradually, making early diagnosis challenging. Fatigue is a particularly common and non-specific symptom, often attributed to other causes. However, if you experience persistent fatigue accompanied by any of the other symptoms mentioned – such as numbness, tingling, cognitive difficulties, or digestive issues – it is important to consult a healthcare professional.
A simple blood test can determine your vitamin B12 levels. If a deficiency is identified, appropriate treatment can be initiated to restore levels and prevent potential long-term complications. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to managing vitamin B12 deficiency and maintaining overall health.
