Yeast Infection: Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention Guide

A vaginal yeast infection, a common condition affecting up to three in four women at least once in their lifetime, is caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida. These infections typically manifest as itching, burning, and changes in vaginal discharge, but are generally not serious and are treatable with antifungal medications. Treatment duration can range from a few days to two weeks, depending on the severity of the infection.

What Causes a Yeast Infection?

Candida naturally resides in the vagina, mouth, and digestive tract without causing harm. However, a disruption in the balance of microorganisms within the vagina can lead to an overgrowth of the fungus, resulting in an infection. Several factors can contribute to this imbalance, including antibiotic use, hormonal changes, a weakened immune system, uncontrolled diabetes, and high estrogen levels.

Antibiotics, while targeting harmful bacteria, can also eliminate beneficial bacteria that help keep yeast growth in check. Hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy, menstruation, or while using hormonal birth control can also create an environment conducive to yeast overgrowth. Individuals with compromised immune systems, due to conditions like HIV or treatments like chemotherapy, are more susceptible to infections. High blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes can provide nourishment for yeast, promoting its growth.

Recognizing the Symptoms

Common symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection include vaginal itching or soreness, burning sensations, pain during sexual intercourse, and pain during urination. The vaginal discharge may also appear thicker and whiter than usual. In severe cases, a rash, swelling, and cracks may develop on the vaginal wall.

Diagnosis and When to See a Doctor

Because symptoms of a yeast infection can overlap with those of other conditions, such as bacterial vaginosis and sexually transmitted infections, it’s important to consult a doctor for an accurate diagnosis. A pelvic exam will be performed to check for swelling, redness, and any abnormalities in the vulva, cervix, and vagina.

To confirm the diagnosis, a doctor may take a sample of vaginal discharge to test for the presence of Candida under a microscope, assess the pH level, or conduct a fungal culture, particularly in cases of recurring infections or when treatments are ineffective.

Treatment Options

Vaginal yeast infections are typically treated with over-the-counter or prescription antifungal medications, available as creams, ointments, suppositories, or oral medications. For mild to moderate infections, options like miconazole (Monistat), terconazole (Terazol), clotrimazole (Lotrimin), tioconazole (Gynecare), butoconazole (Femstat), and nystatin (Mycostatin) are commonly used for three to seven days.

For severe or recurring infections, a doctor may prescribe oral medications such as fluconazole (Diflucan), oteseconazole (Vivjoa) – for those who aren’t pregnant and experience recurring infections – or ibrexafungerp (Brexafemme). In some cases, multiple doses of an oral antifungal medication may be required over a period of up to two weeks, followed by a weekly dose for six months. Boric acid therapy, administered as a vaginal capsule, can also be effective for infections that don’t respond to other treatments, but It’s crucial to note that it can be fatal if ingested and is not safe for pregnant individuals.

Although yeast infections are not considered sexually transmitted, male partners can develop a yeast infection on the head of the penis, known as balanitis, and can be treated with topical antifungal medications.

Prevention and Lifestyle Changes

Several lifestyle changes can help prevent yeast infections and alleviate symptoms. These include wearing cotton underwear, keeping the genital area clean and dry, avoiding tight-fitting clothing, and refraining from using feminine hygiene sprays, fragrances, or douching, which can disrupt the natural bacterial balance. Managing blood sugar levels is also important for individuals with diabetes. It’s advisable to avoid wearing wet swimsuits or sweaty clothing for extended periods and to use antibiotics only when necessary and as prescribed.

Potential Complications

Complications from yeast infections are uncommon, but severe cases can cause intense itching and burning, leading to raw, cracked, or bleeding skin. Some individuals may also experience side effects from antifungal treatments, such as gastrointestinal issues, headaches, abdominal pain, or skin rashes. Long-term use of certain antifungals may, rarely, cause liver or kidney damage.