The long-held belief that women are naturally more empathetic than men is increasingly being challenged by scientific research. For centuries, societal norms have positioned empathy as a distinctly feminine trait, while associating traits like assertiveness and dominance with masculinity. However, recent studies suggest that observed differences in empathetic expression are likely rooted in socialization rather than inherent biological factors.
A 2025 meta-analysis, examining 31 studies encompassing 40 separate experiments, investigated social awareness and emotional understanding in one-month-old girls and boys. Researchers found no significant differences between the sexes in their ability to observe facial expressions, respond to others’ distress, or demonstrate alertness to their surroundings. This suggests that the foundations of social awareness are present equally in both male and female infants.
Further bolstering this argument, a large-scale 2018 genetic study involving over 46,000 participants explored the genetic basis of empathy. While the study did identify genes that contribute to an individual’s level of empathy, none of these genes were linked to sex. This finding underscores the complexity of empathy and suggests that genetic predisposition accounts for only a portion of the variation observed between individuals – roughly one-tenth, according to Varun Warrier, an assistant professor of neurodevelopmental research at Cambridge University.
Warrier explained that the remaining variation must be attributed to “non-genetic factors,” highlighting the significant role of environment and upbringing. This aligns with the growing consensus that empathy is not simply ‘hardwired’ but is instead shaped by a complex interplay of biological predispositions and social influences.
The Socialisation of Empathy
Scientists increasingly argue that the observed differences in empathetic expression between men and women are not innate but rather a result of societal conditioning. From a very young age, girls and women are often socialized to prioritize the emotions and needs of others, and to openly express their own feelings. This process begins early, with girls frequently encouraged to nurture and care for others, while boys are often steered towards activities that emphasize independence and stoicism.
This socialization manifests in various ways, including the types of toys children are given. Girls are often presented with dolls and playsets that encourage nurturing behaviors, while boys are more likely to receive toys like tools and cars that promote problem-solving and competition. These early experiences contribute to the development of different emotional scripts and behavioral patterns.
As psychologist Gemma Rippon notes, “Little girls are told to be nice and not to be unkind and rough, so it gradually becomes part of who they are.” This constant reinforcement of empathetic behaviors shapes girls’ emotional development and contributes to the perception that they are naturally more attuned to the feelings of others.
The implications of these findings extend beyond simply debunking a long-held myth. Understanding that empathy is largely a learned behavior has significant consequences for how we raise children, structure workplaces, and evaluate leadership qualities. If empathy is not inherently gendered, then efforts to cultivate empathetic skills should be directed towards individuals of all sexes, challenging traditional gender roles and fostering a more inclusive and emotionally intelligent society.
The research also sheds light on why men who display empathy are sometimes perceived as weak. This perception stems from the societal expectation that men should embody traits like strength and assertiveness, and that emotional expression is somehow incompatible with these qualities. By recognizing that empathy is a valuable skill for everyone, regardless of gender, we can begin to dismantle these harmful stereotypes and create a culture where emotional intelligence is valued and encouraged in all individuals.
the findings highlight the importance of considering the broader environmental factors that influence emotional development. Factors such as parenting styles, cultural norms, and educational practices all play a role in shaping an individual’s capacity for empathy. By creating environments that prioritize emotional learning and encourage open communication, we can foster greater empathy and compassion in future generations.
The ongoing research into the neurobiological and social underpinnings of empathy continues to refine our understanding of this complex human trait. While genetics may play a role, the evidence increasingly points to the powerful influence of socialization and environmental factors in shaping empathetic expression. This understanding is crucial for challenging gender stereotypes, promoting emotional intelligence, and building a more compassionate and equitable society.
