Parkinson’s Disease: New Study Reveals Risk Factors Beyond Pesticides

Growing evidence suggests a link between exposure to certain pesticides and an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recent research, published in January 2026, and throughout 2025, continues to strengthen this association, though scientists emphasize that pesticide exposure is likely one of many contributing factors to the development of this complex neurological disorder.

A study published in Molecular Neurodegeneration in January 2026 specifically connects Parkinson’s disease with chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide widely used in food production. This three-part study builds on a growing body of research highlighting the potential neurological effects of this chemical.

Further supporting this connection, research published in July 2025 in npj Parkinson’s Disease, partially funded by the American Parkinson Disease Association (APDA), found that exposure to the pesticide rotenone can cause lasting changes in the brain’s genetic landscape, potentially increasing the risk of developing Parkinson’s. This suggests that pesticide exposure isn’t simply a temporary effect, but can induce long-term alterations at the genetic level.

Understanding Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder affecting approximately 63,000 people in the Netherlands as of the recent study conducted between 2017 and 2022. The disease results from the gradual loss of cells in the brain that produce dopamine, a crucial neurotransmitter. Symptoms can include slowness of movement, muscle stiffness, tremors, speech changes, sleep problems, and cognitive difficulties. While there is currently no cure, treatments are available to manage symptoms, and new, promising therapies are under investigation.

Beyond Pesticides: Other Risk Factors

While pesticide exposure is a concerning risk factor, it’s important to understand that Parkinson’s disease is likely multifactorial. A large-scale study conducted by researchers at Utrecht University and Radboudumc in the Netherlands, examining new Parkinson’s cases between 2017 and 2022, identified several other potential contributing factors. These include geographic location, gender, and level of education.

The study revealed a higher prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in the northern provinces of the Netherlands compared to the southern provinces. The reason for this geographic disparity remains unclear, as it doesn’t correlate with known environmental factors like air pollution, which is relatively low in the north.

The risk of developing Parkinson’s disease also increases with age, peaking between 75 and 85 years. Men are also at a higher risk than women. Interestingly, individuals with higher levels of education were also found to be at increased risk, potentially due to factors like lower rates of smoking (non-smokers have a higher risk) and earlier access to specialist care, leading to more frequent diagnoses.

Environmental Factors and Causation

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends reducing exposure to specific environmental factors associated with Parkinson’s disease, including pesticides, trichloroethylene (TCE), and air pollution. However, determining a direct causal link between these exposures and the disease is challenging due to the long delay – often decades – between exposure and the onset of symptoms.

Researchers emphasize that considering these factors in combination with evidence from animal models and other research lines strengthens the argument for a causal relationship. While isolating the impact of a single factor is difficult, the cumulative evidence suggests that reducing exposure to these environmental toxins is a prudent step towards prevention.

What the Research Means for You

The findings from these recent studies underscore the importance of minimizing exposure to pesticides, particularly chlorpyrifos and rotenone. While complete avoidance may not always be possible, awareness of potential sources of exposure – including food, water, and occupational settings – is crucial.

It’s also important to remember that Parkinson’s disease is a complex condition with multiple risk factors. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking, may help reduce overall risk. If you are concerned about your risk of Parkinson’s disease, This proves important to discuss your concerns with your healthcare provider.

The number of new Parkinson’s diagnoses remains stable, with approximately 3,724 people receiving a diagnosis each year between 2017 and 2022. However, the overall number of people living with the disease is increasing, primarily because people are living longer with the condition. Importantly, people are more likely to die with Parkinson’s disease than from it.