Premium Times: Nigeria’s Solid Minerals Controversy Sparks New Measures

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Yobe and Adamawa states in northeastern Nigeria have intensified security operations to combat illegal mining activities, according to a report by Premium Times. The measures come amid growing concerns over the role of solid minerals, particularly gold, in fueling banditry and insurgency in the region.

The security crackdown, initiated by state governments, includes increased patrols in mining zones, the deployment of specialized task forces, and the arrest of suspected illegal miners. Officials cited the need to protect natural resources and curb criminal activities linked to unregulated mining. “Illegal mining not only depletes our mineral wealth but also provides a haven for armed groups,” said a state security official, speaking on condition of anonymity.

The report highlights a longstanding connection between mineral extraction and violence in northeastern Nigeria. Analysts note that gold and other minerals have been increasingly associated with militant groups, including the Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP) and local bandit networks. These groups reportedly use proceeds from illegal mining to fund operations, purchase weapons, and sustain their activities.

Premium Times cited a 2023 study by the Nigerian Geological Survey Agency (NGSA) that found a correlation between mining hotspots and areas with high levels of insurgency. The study noted that “unlicensed mining activities often occur in remote regions where state presence is weak, creating opportunities for criminal exploitation.”

Local communities have expressed mixed reactions to the security measures. While some residents welcome the efforts to restore order, others fear that the crackdown could displace informal miners who rely on mining for livelihoods. “We understand the need for security, but many of us depend on mining to feed our families,” said a farmer from Adamawa state, who requested anonymity due to fears of retribution.

The federal government has not yet issued a formal statement on the state-level actions, but officials have acknowledged the broader challenge of addressing illegal mining. In April 2024, the Ministry of Mines and Steel Development announced plans to revise regulations governing small-scale mining, aiming to formalize operations and reduce illicit activity.

International observers have also weighed in on the issue. The United Nations Office for West Africa and the Sahel (UNOWAS) warned in a 2023 report that “unregulated mineral extraction in conflict-affected regions risks exacerbating instability and undermining peacebuilding efforts.” The report called for greater coordination between local authorities, mining companies, and civil society to address the root causes of illegal mining.

Despite these efforts, enforcement remains a challenge. A 2025 audit by the Nigerian Anti-Corruption Commission (EFCC) found that some officials were complicit in facilitating illegal mining operations, citing “systemic corruption and lack of oversight.” The EFCC has since launched investigations into several high-profile cases, though progress has been slow.

The situation underscores the complex interplay between resource management, security, and economic development in Nigeria. As Yobe and Adamawa intensify their crackdown, questions remain about the long-term effectiveness of such measures without broader reforms. “Security alone cannot solve this problem,” said Dr. Amina Yusuf, an economist at the University of Ibadan. “We need policies that create alternative livelihoods and ensure transparency in the mining sector.”

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Context of Illegal Mining in Northeastern Nigeria

Northeastern Nigeria has long been a hotspot for illegal mining, driven by the region’s rich deposits of gold, tin, and other minerals. The practice has expanded rapidly in recent years, fueled by rising global demand and the collapse of formal employment opportunities. However, the absence of effective regulation has allowed criminal networks to exploit the sector.

According to the NGSA, over 70% of mining activities in the region are unlicensed, with many operations conducted in protected areas or near military installations. This has led to environmental degradation, including deforestation and water pollution, further straining local communities.

The link between mining and violence has also raised alarms. A 2024 report by the International Crisis Group (ICG) noted that “bandit groups in Adamawa and Yobe have increasingly turned to mining as a revenue stream, using it to finance attacks on civilian targets.” The report cited instances of miners being forcibly conscripted or extorted by armed groups.

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Challenges and Next Steps

While the security measures in Yobe and Adamawa represent a step toward addressing illegal mining, experts argue that more comprehensive solutions are needed. These include strengthening law enforcement, improving community engagement, and investing in sustainable alternatives.

The Nigerian government has pledged to prioritize mining regulation in its 2025–2029 development plan, but implementation has been inconsistent. Civil society organizations, such as the Nigeria Mining and Livelihoods Initiative (NMLI), have called for greater public participation in policy-making. “Local knowledge is critical to designing effective interventions,” said NMLI director Chika Okoro.

As the security crackdown continues, the focus will remain on balancing enforcement with social and economic considerations. For now, the actions in Yobe and Adamawa serve as a test case for broader efforts to tackle the intersection of resource extraction, conflict, and governance in Nigeria.

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“Without addressing the underlying drivers of illegal mining, any security measures will only provide temporary relief,” said Dr. Yusuf, the University of Ibadan economist. “We must create a system where mining benefits everyone, not just a few.”Source
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“The federal government is aware of the challenges and is working with states to develop a unified approach,” a Ministry of Mines spokesperson said in a statement. “This includes stricter licensing, community outreach, and international collaboration.”Source